AFRICA
BY
David Diop (Senegal)
Africa my Africa
Africa of proud warriors in the ancestral savannahs
Africa of whom my grandmother sings
On the banks of the distant river
I have never known you
But your blood flows in my veins
Your beautiful black blood that irrigates the fields
The blood of your sweat
The sweat of your work
The work of your slavery
The slavery of your children
Africa tell me Africa
Is this you this back that is bent
This back that breaks under the weight of humiliation
This back trembling with red scars
And saying yes to the whip under the midday sun
But a grave voice answers me
Impetuous son that tree young and strong
That tree there
In splendid loneliness amidst white and faded flowers
That is Africa your Africa
That grows again patiently obstinately
And its fruit gradually acquires
The bitter taste of liberty.
INTRODUCTION
This poem is written by David Diop - A Black African
who was born in France in 1927. His father was from Senegal and his mother from
Cameroon and he grew up in France and West Africa aware of both cultures and
traditions. He was deeply concerned by the question of independence from
colonial rule.
This poem is a dramatic
monologue where the speaker seems to be in conversation with Africa. The poem
can be thematically divided into three parts; pre colonial Africa, colonial Africa and post colonial Africa.
THEMATIC ANALYSIS.
COLONIAL TORTURE AND
EXPLOITATION
There are evidences of torture and exploitation in the
poem due to the fact that the poet expresses how the sweat of Africans was lost
in vain.
The
blood of your sweat
He
sweat of your work
All this was done at a time when Africans were turned
into slaves and worked for their masters without any benefit.
The
work of your slavery
The
slavery of your children
OPPRESSION
AND HUMILIATION
Oppression and humiliation were common
practices in colonial time. They were used to force Africans work for
colonisers without objection. This has left scars to Africa that we still
depend on them even when they seem to mistreat us.
This
back that breaks under the weight of humiliation
This
back trembling with red scars
And
saying yes to the whip under the midday sun
IDENTITY AND
AWARENESS
The poet however seems to be aware of his
identity as black African. Although he grew up in France he shows that black
blood flows in his veins, which is to say he is still an African regardless of
where he grew up.
I
have never known you
But
your blood flows in my veins
The voice that answers Diop sums up his African
identity.
Impetuous
son that tree young and strong
That
tree there
In
splendid loneliness amidst white and faded flowers
That
is Africa your Africa.
EFFECTS OF
COLONIALISM
The poet concludes his poem by showing the
effects that colonialism had on African continent. Nevertheless, he seems to be
optimistic that at least Africa is growing up again just like a young tree.
That
is Africa your Africa
That
grows again patiently obstinately
GUIDING QUESTIONS
a) What is the poem about?
The poem is about the effects colonialism
has had on Africa. It traces the history of pre-colonial Africa, then shows the
torture that Africans underwent in colonialism and how Africa is starting
afresh like a young tree.
b) What type of the poem is this?
It is a free verse/modern poem as it
doesn’t follow all the strict rules for writing poems. There are variations in
the length of verses in the poem
c) What does the symbol ‘that tree
young and strong” suggest?
First of all the symbol refers to Africa.
It suggests that after colonialism Africa began to grow up again just as a
young tree.
d) Why do the fruits acquire a bitter
taste of liberty? Why does liberty taste bitter?
The fruits acquire a bitter taste because
liberation of the oppressed is not a simple thing. It needs sacrifice and
determination. Some people lose their lives in the process. So in such a case
liberty is never sweet but bitter memories.
e)
What is the tone of the poem? The tone changes from the beginning it is
happy in the middle it becomes sad. This makes the tone nostalgic and the mood
becomes optimistic.
f) Why does the poet say that “black
blood flows in his veins”?
Black blood in this poem symbolises
African nature as there is no blood that is black in colour. So he shows that
although he grew up in France he is still aware of his African identity.
g) How have the past effects of colonialism shaped the Africa’s present?
The socio-political and economic state of
Africa today was seriously affected during colonial time. So Africa was
paralysed and is just starting afresh as a young tree while the colonisers are
well off.
h) Comment on the figures of speech and poetic devices.
a. Anadiplosis; the repetition in which the last expression of one statement becomes the
first expression in the following statement .
The
blood of your sweat
The sweat of your work
The work of your slavery
The slavery of your
children
b.
Rhetorical question a question that does not need a reply.
Is that you this back that is bent
c. Symbolism
Ø
Scars’, ‘whip’ and ‘blood’. They stand for the torture that Africans
went through in colonial time.
Ø
Black blood- symbolises African identity
d. Imagery.
Ø Gustatory image. Image of
taste. Bitter taste of liberty
Ø Thermo
image: image of heat; The sweat of your work
e. Personification.
The poet addresses Africa as though it is
a human being and has blood that flows, and can sweat etc.
Ø But
a grave voice answers me.
Ø Your
beautiful black blood
Ø The
sweat of your work
Ø Is
this you this back that is bent
f.
Alliteration- repetition of similar consonant sounds at
the beginning of consecutive words.
Ø
You beautiful black blood
g.
Reiteration (for emphasis)
The word Africa is repeated 7 times
throughout the poem
E.g. Africa
my Africa.
b) Exaggeration.
Ø Your
beautiful black blood
Ø This is under exaggeration because there is no black
blood in colour.
Ø Your
beautiful black blood that irrigates the fields. There is no blood enough to irrigate the fields.
c) Anaphora
Africa my Africa
Africa of proud warriors in
the ancestral savannahs
Africa of whom my grandmother
sings
MESSAGE
Ø
Colonialism paralysed Africa so it is up to us to build again.
Ø
We must know our identity as Africans, where we come from, where we are
and what we need to do to get where we are going.
Ø
We have to work hard to bring about development in Africa
Ø
We must fight against the oppression of the proletariat class.
RELEVANCE
Ø
The
poem is relevant as it discusses the issues facing the post colonial Africa.
The current economic status of the present Africa was badly damaged during
colonialism.
Ø
There
are many economic policies adopted in an attempt to recover the economy of
African countries.
Ø
Oppression
and humiliation are still common in Post colonial Africa.
How does the persona feel about the one being addressed to in the poem?
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